Liraglutide is a modified copy of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a gut hormone that boosts insulin release after meals, slows stomach emptying and reduces appetite. Novo Nordisk sells it as Victoza (up to 1.8 mg/day for type 2 diabetes), Saxenda (3 mg/day for weight management) and, combined with insulin degludec, as Xultophy 100/3.6.
Its key difference from newer drugs is that it is injected once daily, because its half-life is about 13 hours. In its main obesity trial it produced 7.4% average weight loss over 56 weeks, well under half of what weekly semaglutide produced in a head-to-head trial. Generic versions are now approved, and FDA’s shortage database lists brand-name Saxenda as being discontinued in January 2027.
This page summarizes what the FDA labels, the clinical trials and FDA’s databases report. It is for education only and is not medical advice.
| Property | Detail |
|---|---|
| Drug class | GLP-1 receptor agonist (fatty-acid-modified GLP-1 peptide) |
| Brands / first US approval | Victoza (January 25, 2010); Saxenda (December 23, 2014); Xultophy 100/3.6 with insulin degludec (November 21, 2016); generics since December 2024 |
| Route | Subcutaneous injection once daily, any time of day, with or without meals |
| Strength | 6 mg/mL in a 3 mL prefilled pen (18 mg per pen) |
| Labeled maintenance doses | Victoza 1.2 or 1.8 mg/day; Saxenda 3 mg/day (2.4 mg/day allowed in adolescents) |
| Half-life (label) | About 13 hours; peak levels 8–12 hours after an injection |
| Bioavailability (label) | About 55% by subcutaneous injection |
| Boxed warning | Thyroid C-cell tumors in rodents; contraindicated with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN 2 |
| US status | Prescription-only, not a controlled substance; on FDA’s drug shortage list since July 2023 |
| WADA status | Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List |
What it is
Liraglutide is a peptide with 97% amino acid sequence homology to human GLP-1(7-37). Its formula is C₁₇₂H₂₆₅N₄₃O₅₁ and its molecular weight is 3751.2 Da. The peptide backbone is made by recombinant DNA expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Victoza label; PubChem).
According to the label, two changes separate it from the natural hormone:
| Change | What it does |
|---|---|
| Arginine replaces lysine at position 34 | Leaves only one lysine (position 26) for the fatty chain to attach to |
| A 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitic acid) attached to lysine 26 through a glutamic acid spacer | Makes the molecule bind to albumin and to itself, which slows absorption and clearance |
Natural GLP-1 lasts only 1.5–2 minutes in the blood because the enzymes DPP-4 and neutral endopeptidase break it down. Liraglutide resists both enzymes. The label credits its once-daily profile to three things: self-association that delays absorption, binding to plasma proteins, and resistance to enzymatic breakdown.
Novo Nordisk scientists described this approach in 2000. They attached fatty acids to GLP-1 so the peptide would bind serum albumin, and reported that derivatives with fatty acids of 12 carbons or longer were protracted enough for once-daily dosing (Knudsen et al., J Med Chem 2000). The semaglutide page covers how the once-weekly drug’s structure differs.
Liraglutide activates the GLP-1 receptor. According to the labels, this:
- raises insulin release and lowers glucagon, both only when blood glucose is high, so the insulin effect fades as glucose approaches normal;
- delays stomach emptying;
- reduces appetite and calorie intake through GLP-1 receptors in brain areas that regulate eating (in animal studies, liraglutide reached appetite centers such as the hypothalamus).
Pharmacokinetics
From the Victoza and Saxenda labels (Victoza label; Saxenda label):
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Absolute bioavailability (subcutaneous) | About 55% |
| Time to peak | 8–12 hours (Victoza); about 11 hours (Saxenda) |
| Average steady-state level | About 128 ng/mL at 1.8 mg/day; about 116 ng/mL at 3 mg/day in people with a BMI of 30–40 |
| Plasma protein binding | Over 98% |
| Apparent clearance | About 1.2 L/h |
| Elimination half-life | About 13 hours |
| Dose proportionality | Exposure rises in proportion to dose from 0.6 to 3 mg |
| Intact drug in urine or feces | None detected |
Liraglutide is broken down like other large proteins, without one organ acting as the main route of elimination. Only 6% (urine) and 5% (feces) of a radiolabeled dose appeared as liraglutide-related metabolites.
A few factors change exposure:
- Body weight. Exposure falls as body weight rises. The labeled doses gave adequate exposure from 40 to 160 kg; heavier people were not studied.
- Sex. Women had 25% lower weight-adjusted clearance than men.
- Kidney and liver function. Exposure was 19–35% lower, not higher, across stages of kidney impairment, and 11–42% lower with liver impairment. The label recommends no dose adjustment for either, but notes limited experience in liver impairment.
- Injection site. Exposure from the thigh was 22% lower than from the abdomen, but the label considers the abdomen, thigh and upper arm comparable.
Because the half-life is about 13 hours, liraglutide must be injected every day. The labels say that if more than 3 days pass since the last dose, treatment should restart at 0.6 mg/day to limit stomach side effects.
Approved medical use
| Product | US-approved uses | Labeled dosing |
|---|---|---|
| Victoza (and generics) | Blood sugar control in adults and children 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes; lowering major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease | Start 0.6 mg/day for 1 week, then 1.2 mg/day; may increase to a maximum of 1.8 mg/day |
| Saxenda (and generics) | With a reduced-calorie diet and more physical activity, to reduce and maintain body weight in adults with obesity, adults with overweight plus at least one weight-related condition, and children 12 and older with obesity who weigh over 60 kg | Start 0.6 mg/day, increase by 0.6 mg each week to 3 mg/day from week 5 |
| Xultophy 100/3.6 | Blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes | Fixed ratio of 100 units insulin degludec to 3.6 mg liraglutide per mL |
The 0.6 mg starting dose exists only to reduce nausea. The Victoza label states it is not effective for blood sugar control in adults. The Saxenda label adds two stopping rules:
- Adults who have not lost at least 4% of their starting weight after 16 weeks should stop, because they are unlikely to reach meaningful weight loss.
- Adolescents should stop if BMI has not fallen by at least 1% after 12 weeks on the maintenance dose. Adolescents who cannot tolerate 3 mg may use 2.4 mg/day.
All three products carry the same limitation: they should not be combined with other liraglutide products, and the Saxenda and Xultophy labels add that they should not be combined with any other GLP-1 receptor agonist (Saxenda label; Xultophy label).
Generics, shortage and Saxenda discontinuation
Drugs@FDA lists generic liraglutide from several manufacturers. The earliest is Hikma’s version of Victoza, approved December 23, 2024 (Drugs@FDA, ANDA 215503). Teva’s generic labeled for weight management was approved August 27, 2025 (Drugs@FDA, ANDA 214568; Teva label).
Liraglutide injection has been listed in FDA’s drug shortage database since July 18, 2023. As of September 2026, FDA lists Victoza as in limited supply due to shipping delays, and lists Saxenda as available only until it is discontinued in January 2027. Several generic presentations are listed as available (FDA Drug Shortages database).
What the research shows
Weight loss: the SCALE trials
The three adult trials on the Saxenda label added liraglutide 3 mg/day or placebo to counseling on a diet of about 500 kcal/day below needs and at least 150 minutes/week of activity. Results at 56 weeks (Saxenda label):
| Trial | n | Population | Weight change, liraglutide | Weight change, placebo | Difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes (Pi-Sunyer et al., NEJM 2015) | 3,731 | Obesity, or overweight with a related condition; no diabetes | −7.4% | −3.0% | −4.5 points (−5.2 to −3.8) |
| Label Study 2 | 635 | Type 2 diabetes with overweight or obesity | −5.4% | −1.7% | −3.7 points (−4.7 to −2.7) |
| SCALE Maintenance, label Study 3 (Wadden et al., Int J Obes 2013) | 422 | Had already lost at least 5% on a low-calorie diet | −4.9% further | +0.3% | −5.2 points (−6.8 to −3.5) |
In SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes, the average loss was 8.4 kg on liraglutide vs 2.8 kg on placebo. In the label analysis, 62.3% on liraglutide vs 34.4% on placebo lost at least 5% of body weight, and 33.9% vs 15.4% lost more than 10%. Discontinuation was high in both arms: 27% of liraglutide patients and 35% of placebo patients stopped study drug in the 56-week trials.
Three-year results and diabetes prevention
In the prediabetes subgroup of SCALE (2,254 people), treatment continued to 160 weeks. Only 50% completed the full period (le Roux et al., Lancet 2017):
- Weight at week 160 was −6.1% on liraglutide vs −1.9% on placebo (difference −4.3 points, 95% CI −4.9 to −3.7).
- New type 2 diabetes was diagnosed in 2% vs 6% while on treatment. The hazard ratio for time to diabetes was 0.21 (95% CI 0.13–0.34).
- Serious adverse events occurred in 15% vs 13%.
The authors noted that people who withdrew were not followed afterward.
Compared with semaglutide and other GLP-1 drugs
STEP 8 was the only head-to-head obesity trial of the two Novo Nordisk drugs. It randomized 338 adults without diabetes to weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg or daily liraglutide 3 mg, each with matched placebo, for 68 weeks (Rubino et al., JAMA 2022):
| Outcome | Semaglutide 2.4 mg/week | Liraglutide 3 mg/day | Pooled placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean weight change | −15.8% | −6.4% | −1.9% |
| Lost 10% or more | 70.9% | 25.6% | — |
| Lost 15% or more | 55.6% | 12.0% | — |
| Stopped treatment for any reason | 13.5% | 27.6% | — |
| Gastrointestinal adverse events | 84.1% | 82.7% | — |
The difference was 9.4 percentage points (95% CI 6.8–12.0) in favor of semaglutide, with similar rates of stomach side effects. Head-to-head diabetes trials against exenatide are covered on that page. Newer drugs such as tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist, are covered on their own pages.
Blood sugar in type 2 diabetes
In the 52-week monotherapy trial on the Victoza label (746 adults, baseline HbA1c 8.2%), liraglutide was compared with the sulfonylurea glimepiride (Victoza label):
| Arm | HbA1c change | Reached HbA1c under 7% | Weight change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glimepiride 8 mg | −0.5% | 28% | +1.1 kg |
| Liraglutide 1.2 mg | −0.8% | 43% | −2.1 kg |
| Liraglutide 1.8 mg | −1.1% | 51% | −2.5 kg |
HbA1c is a measure of average blood sugar over about 3 months. In children and adolescents aged 10 to under 17 with type 2 diabetes (Ellipse trial, 134 treated), liraglutide up to 1.8 mg/day added to metformin lowered HbA1c by 1.06 points more than placebo at 26 weeks, and by 1.30 points at 52 weeks (Tamborlane et al., NEJM 2019).
Cardiovascular outcomes (LEADER)
LEADER randomized 9,340 adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk to liraglutide 1.8 mg/day or placebo, with a median follow-up of 3.8 years (Marso et al., NEJM 2016):
| Outcome | Liraglutide | Placebo | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Major cardiovascular events (CV death, nonfatal heart attack or nonfatal stroke) | 13.0% | 14.9% | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) |
| Cardiovascular death | 4.7% | 6.0% | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) |
| Death from any cause | 8.2% | 9.6% | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) |
| Nonfatal heart attack | 6.0% | 6.8% | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) |
| Nonfatal stroke | 3.4% | 3.8% | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) |
These results are the basis for Victoza’s cardiovascular indication. LEADER tested the diabetes dose, not the 3 mg obesity dose.
Adolescents with obesity
SCALE Teens randomized 251 adolescents aged 12–17 with obesity to liraglutide 3 mg/day or placebo plus lifestyle therapy for 56 weeks (Kelly et al., NEJM 2020):
- BMI fell at least 5% in 43.3% vs 18.7%, and at least 10% in 26.1% vs 8.1%.
- Body weight fell 5.01 percentage points more than with placebo.
- Gastrointestinal adverse events affected 64.8% vs 36.5%, and 10.4% vs 0% stopped treatment because of adverse events.
- After stopping, BMI rose more in the liraglutide group during the 26-week follow-up.
Body composition, fitness and exercise
Any large weight loss includes some lean mass (muscle, organs, water and other non-fat tissue). A 2026 meta-analysis of 20 randomized trials estimated that lean mass made up 26.8% (95% CI 23.1–30.5) of the weight lost on liraglutide. This was similar to lifestyle interventions alone (26.2%), while diet plus resistance training gave the lowest share (17.5%) (Eisa and Barood, Diabetes Obes Metab 2026).
A Danish trial tested what helps people keep weight off. After losing an average of 13.1 kg on an 8-week low-calorie diet, 195 adults with obesity were randomized for one year to placebo, supervised exercise, liraglutide 3 mg/day, or exercise plus liraglutide (Lundgren et al., NEJM 2021):
| Strategy | Weight vs placebo at 1 year (95% CI) | Body-fat change |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise | −4.1 kg (−7.8 to −0.4) | −1.7 points |
| Liraglutide | −6.8 kg (−10.4 to −3.1) | −1.9 points |
| Exercise + liraglutide | −9.5 kg (−13.1 to −5.9) | −3.9 points |
In the main analysis, only the combination improved HbA1c, insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. In a secondary analysis, liraglutide alone did not improve physical fitness, while exercise alone did. Strength relative to body weight was better than placebo in all active groups, because absolute strength was preserved while weight fell (Jensen et al., Sports Med 2026).
The same group followed participants for a year after all treatment stopped. People who had taken liraglutide alone regained 6.0 kg more than those who had exercised (95% CI 2.1–10.0). Those who had combined exercise with liraglutide kept off more weight than those who had taken liraglutide alone (Jensen et al., EClinicalMedicine 2024).
All of these data come from people with overweight or obesity. We found no controlled trials of liraglutide in lean or resistance-trained people. Claims that it preserves muscle during “cutting” in that population are untested.
Side effects and risks
Boxed warning: thyroid C-cell tumors
In studies in rats and mice, liraglutide caused dose- and duration-dependent thyroid C-cell tumors, including malignant carcinomas, at clinically relevant exposures. Whether this applies to humans is unknown. Cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) have been reported after marketing, but the label says these reports cannot establish or exclude a causal link. The labels say:
- liraglutide is contraindicated in people with a personal or family history of MTC, or with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2);
- routine calcitonin testing or thyroid ultrasound is of uncertain value and may lead to unnecessary procedures.
In the adult Saxenda trials, papillary thyroid cancer (a different, more common thyroid cancer) was confirmed in 8 of 3,291 liraglutide patients (0.2%) vs none of 1,843 on placebo. Four of these were under 1 cm.
Gastrointestinal effects
Stomach and bowel effects are the most common reason people stop. Rates from the label trials (Saxenda label; Victoza label):
| Adverse reaction | Placebo (weight trials) | Saxenda 3 mg | Placebo (diabetes trials) | Victoza 1.8 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nausea | 13.8% | 39.3% | 5% | 20% |
| Diarrhea | 9.9% | 20.9% | 4% | 12% |
| Constipation | 8.5% | 19.4% | 1% | 5% |
| Vomiting | 3.9% | 15.7% | 2% | 9% |
| Dyspepsia | 2.7% | 9.6% | 1% | 7% |
| Headache | 12.6% | 13.6% | 7% | 10% |
| Injection-site reactions | 10.5% | 13.9% | — | About 2% (all doses) |
In the adult weight trials, 9.8% of liraglutide patients stopped because of side effects vs 4.3% on placebo, most often for nausea. Severe gastrointestinal reactions occurred in 4.8% vs 1.4%. Postmarketing reports include ileus (stalled bowel), intestinal obstruction and fecal impaction, and the labels advise against use in severe gastroparesis.
Dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea has led to acute kidney injury, in some cases requiring dialysis.
Pancreas and gallbladder
- Acute pancreatitis. Confirmed in 9 of 3,291 liraglutide patients (0.3%) vs 2 of 1,843 on placebo (0.1%) in the adult weight trials. Fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis has been reported with the class. In LEADER, pancreatitis was nonsignificantly less common on liraglutide.
- Gallstones. 2.2% on Saxenda vs 0.8% on placebo, and gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis) 0.8% vs 0.4%. Most affected patients needed their gallbladder removed. The label notes the excess remained after accounting for the amount of weight lost. In LEADER, acute gallbladder events affected 3.1% vs 1.9%.
Heart rate
On Saxenda, resting heart rate rose by an average of 2–3 beats per minute (bpm) vs placebo. With 24-hour monitoring the increase was 4–9 bpm. An increase of more than 10 bpm at two visits in a row occurred in 34% vs 19%. The label advises stopping the drug if resting heart rate stays elevated. Victoza did not prolong the QT interval at doses up to 1.8 mg.
Hypoglycemia
Because its insulin effect depends on glucose, liraglutide carries a low risk of hypoglycemia on its own. In the adult Victoza trials, severe hypoglycemia needing another person’s help occurred in 8 liraglutide patients (7.5 events per 1,000 patient-years), and 7 of them were also taking a sulfonylurea. Sulfonylureas or insulin may need dose reductions. In children on Victoza, hypoglycemia was more common regardless of insulin or metformin use. In adolescents without diabetes on Saxenda, blood glucose under 54 mg/dL occurred in 1.6% vs 0.8% on placebo.
Cancer signals under review
The Saxenda label reports these imbalances in adult trials and says there were too few cases to tell whether they were drug-related:
- Breast cancer in 17 of 2,379 women (0.7%) vs 3 of 1,300 on placebo (0.2%).
- Malignant colorectal tumors in 5 patients (0.2%) vs 1 on placebo (0.1%).
Other label warnings
- Serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and angioedema.
- Pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia or deep sedation, because food can remain in the stomach. Patients should tell their care team before procedures.
- Pen sharing can spread blood-borne infections, even with a new needle.
- Antibodies. In LEADER, 11 of 1,247 tested patients (0.9%) developed anti-liraglutide antibodies, none of them neutralizing.
Mood and suicidal thoughts
Saxenda originally carried a warning about suicidal behavior and ideation. In January 2026, after a comprehensive review that found no increased risk with GLP-1 receptor agonists, FDA asked the makers of Saxenda, Wegovy and Zepbound to remove it (FDA Drug Safety Communication, 2026). The current Saxenda label lists the warning as removed in February 2026.
Interactions
- Oral medicines. Slower stomach emptying can delay absorption. In label studies at 1.8 mg/day, digoxin exposure fell 16% and lisinopril 15%. Peak levels of atorvastatin and acetaminophen fell 38% and 31% without a change in total exposure. Oral contraceptive peak levels fell 12–13% with no change in total exposure. The label judged none of these clinically relevant but advises caution.
- Insulin and sulfonylureas. These raise the risk of hypoglycemia.
- Other GLP-1 drugs. Combining liraglutide with semaglutide, tirzepatide or another GLP-1 receptor agonist is not recommended.
Who should not use it
- People with a personal or family history of MTC, or with MEN 2.
- People who have had a serious hypersensitivity reaction to liraglutide or its ingredients.
- Pregnancy: animal studies showed early embryo deaths in rats and fetal abnormalities in rabbits. The Saxenda label says weight loss offers no benefit in pregnancy and that the drug should be stopped when pregnancy is recognized.
Legal status and use outside medicine
Liraglutide is a prescription drug. Its labels list no controlled-substance schedule, and it is not named in Schedule III (21 CFR 1308.13). It is not named on the WADA 2026 Prohibited List, and GLP-1 receptor agonists as a class are not listed.
Its “Cutting” label in fitness circles rests on the weight-loss trials above, all done in people with overweight or obesity. In those trials, about a quarter of the weight lost was lean mass, and liraglutide alone did not improve fitness. Daily dosing and smaller average weight loss are the main practical differences from weekly semaglutide.
Key takeaways
- A once-daily GLP-1 drug. A palmitic acid chain lets liraglutide bind albumin and resist breakdown, giving a half-life of about 13 hours.
- Moderate weight loss. At 3 mg/day it produced 7.4% average weight loss over 56 weeks vs 3.0% on placebo, and 6.4% vs 15.8% for weekly semaglutide head to head.
- Proven heart benefit in diabetes. In LEADER, 1.8 mg/day lowered major cardiovascular events by 13% and cardiovascular death by 22% in high-risk type 2 diabetes.
- Weight returns after stopping. People who stopped liraglutide alone regained more weight than those who had exercised, and combining exercise with the drug gave the best maintenance.
- Stomach side effects dominate. Nausea affected about 39% at 3 mg/day. Gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, a raised heart rate and a rodent thyroid-tumor boxed warning are the main label risks.
- Supply is changing. Generics are approved, the drug has been on FDA’s shortage list since 2023, and brand-name Saxenda is due to be discontinued in January 2027.
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