Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that humans cannot make and must get from food. It is needed to build collagen and carnitine and to make some neurotransmitters, and a long-term lack of it causes scurvy. The US adult RDA is 90 mg/day for men and 75 mg/day for women.
Vitamin C is marketed for recovery and immune support, and trials often test 500–1,000 mg/day or more. Absorption and blood levels are tightly limited at these doses, so much of a large oral dose is either not absorbed or passes into the urine. Regular use modestly shortened colds but did not prevent them in the general population. High doses have not clearly reduced soreness, may blunt some cellular responses to training, and in men have been linked to more kidney stones.
This page summarizes what the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, the National Academies, the FDA label for the injectable form and clinical trials report. It is for education only and is not medical advice.
| Property | Detail |
|---|---|
| Type | Essential water-soluble vitamin; dietary supplement ingredient; also a prescription injectable |
| Forms | Ascorbic acid, sodium and calcium ascorbate, Ester-C, ascorbate with bioflavonoids, liposomal products; ascorbic acid injection |
| Adult RDA (US) | 90 mg/day for men, 75 mg/day for women; 85 mg/day in pregnancy, 120 mg/day in lactation; 35 mg/day more for smokers |
| Upper limit (US) | 2,000 mg/day for adults, based on diarrhea and stomach upset |
| Absorption | About 70%–90% at 30–180 mg/day; under 50% above 1 g/day |
| Half-life | 7.4 ± 1.4 h after a 1 g IV dose (FDA label, n = 3); no single value applies at all doses and body stores |
| Doses in cited trials | 200 mg/day or more (colds); 500–1,000 mg/day (training); 50 mg/kg every 6 hours IV (sepsis); 75 g three times weekly IV (cancer) |
| Approved drug use | Short-term IV treatment of scurvy (Ascor; 200 mg once daily in adults, up to 1 week) |
| WADA status | Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List; IV infusions over 100 mL per 12 hours are a prohibited method, with exceptions for hospital care |
What it is
Vitamin C is L-ascorbic acid, formula C₆H₈O₆ (Ascor label). It is required to make collagen, L-carnitine and certain neurotransmitters, acts as an antioxidant, helps regenerate alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), plays a role in immune function and improves absorption of nonheme iron, the form found in plant foods (NIH ODS).
The richest sources are fruits and vegetables. Examples include raw sweet red pepper (95 mg per ½ cup), orange juice (93 mg per ¾ cup) and an orange (70 mg). Five varied servings of fruit and vegetables a day can provide more than 200 mg, and heat and prolonged storage reduce the content of food. In NHANES 2001–2002, the intake survey the ODS cites, adult men averaged 105.2 mg/day and women 83.6 mg/day from food and drink (NIH ODS).
Supplement forms
| Form | What it is | What human data show |
|---|---|---|
| Ascorbic acid | The most common supplement form | Bioavailability equal to vitamin C in orange juice and broccoli |
| Sodium or calcium ascorbate | Mineral salts of ascorbate | Little direct comparison; sodium counts at drug doses (each mL of Ascor provides 65 mg sodium) |
| Ester-C | Calcium ascorbate with dehydroascorbate, threonate, xylonate and lyxonate | One study: same plasma levels as ascorbic acid, higher white blood cell levels at 24 hours. Another: no difference in plasma or urine |
| With bioflavonoids | Combination product | No difference in plasma or urine in one comparison |
| Liposomal | Ascorbate enclosed in fat-based vesicles | Small single-dose studies: for example, peak plasma level 27% higher and total exposure 21% higher with 500 mg (n = 27) |
The first four rows come from the NIH ODS fact sheet, apart from the sodium figure, which is from the Ascor label. The liposomal data come from a 2025 systematic review of 13 trials in healthy adults. No included study measured tissue retention, and the authors said further research on immune effects was needed. It was funded by Nestlé Health Science, and its authors reported ties to supplement companies (Calder et al., Nutrients 2025). A higher blood level after one dose does not show better health outcomes.
How it works in the body
Absorption and saturation
A specific, dose-dependent transporter moves vitamin C across the gut, so the share absorbed falls as the dose rises. The body holds from about 300 mg (near scurvy) to about 2 g in total (NIH ODS).
The key evidence is an inpatient study of seven healthy volunteers, hospitalized for 4–6 months on under 5 mg/day and then given seven doses from 30 to 2,500 mg/day (Levine et al., PNAS 1996):
| Dose | Finding |
|---|---|
| 30–100 mg/day | Steep rise in plasma level; white blood cells saturated at 100 mg/day |
| 100 mg/day | Until this dose, 6 of 7 volunteers excreted no vitamin C in urine |
| 200 mg, single dose | Bioavailability complete |
| 500 mg and above, single dose | Bioavailability declined, and the absorbed amount was excreted |
| 1,000 mg/day | Plasma completely saturated; urinary oxalate and urate elevated compared with lower doses |
This small study found complete absorption at 200 mg, slightly above the 70%–90% ODS range for moderate intakes. Its authors argued that doses above 400 mg/day have “no evident value” and that safe doses are under 1,000 mg/day. The National Academies later set a different RDA and a higher upper limit, described below.
Renal handling and half-life
When tissues are not saturated, little or no vitamin C appears in urine. Once plasma reaches the renal threshold, most of any extra amount is excreted. A major metabolic route is conversion to oxalate, which also leaves through the urine. The half-life of 7.4 h comes from only 3 people given 1 g IV (Ascor label).
Oral versus IV
IV dosing bypasses the gut transporter and reaches levels that oral dosing cannot (Padayatty et al., Ann Intern Med 2004):
| Dose | Route | Peak plasma vitamin C | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.25 g | Oral | 134.8 µmol/L | Measured in healthy volunteers |
| 1.25 g | IV | 885 µmol/L | Measured in healthy volunteers |
| 3 g every 4 hours | Oral | 220 µmol/L | Modeled; the maximum tolerated oral dose |
| 50 g | IV | 13,400 µmol/L | Modeled |
For scale, mean serum vitamin C in US adults is about 51–54 µmol/L (Powers et al., J Appl Lab Med 2023).
Dietary reference intakes
US values for adults are in the facts table. For ages 14–18, the RDA is 75 mg/day for males and 65 mg/day for females, and the UL is 1,800 mg/day. Younger children’s ULs range from 400 to 1,200 mg/day, and no UL is set for infants (NIH ODS). The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) covers nearly all (97%–98%) healthy people and is much higher than the amount needed to prevent deficiency. The UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) is the highest daily intake unlikely to cause harm, and it does not apply to people treated under a physician’s care.
The adult UL rests on osmotic diarrhea and related stomach upset. The National Academies treated 3 g/day as the lowest intake with adverse effects and applied an uncertainty factor of 1.5, giving 2 g/day. It judged in 2000 that the data did not clearly show excess vitamin C causes kidney stones in apparently healthy people (IOM 2000). The male cohort analyses below came later.
In Europe, the EFSA panel proposed a Population Reference Intake of 110 mg/day for men and 95 mg/day for women, aiming for a fasting plasma level of around 50 µmol/L (EFSA NDA Panel, EFSA J 2013).
Scurvy and deficiency
Signs of scurvy can appear within 1 month of intake below about 10 mg/day. Early symptoms include fatigue, malaise and gum inflammation. As collagen synthesis fails, connective tissue weakens, causing skin hemorrhages and bruising, joint pain, poor wound healing, corkscrew hairs, bleeding gums and loosened teeth. Untreated, scurvy is fatal. Groups at higher risk of low intake or status include smokers, infants fed evaporated or boiled cow’s milk, people with very limited food variety, and people with severe malabsorption, some cancers or chronic hemodialysis (NIH ODS).
Scurvy is rare in developed countries, but low blood levels are not. About 7% of US adults had deficiency by blood test (serum under 11.4 µmol/L) in both 2003–2006 and 2017–2018. Mean levels were 15 µmol/L lower in smokers than nonsmokers, 10 µmol/L lower in men than women, and 27 µmol/L higher with supplement use (Powers et al. 2023). A low test result is not the same as clinical scurvy, which is why both statements can be true.
Approved medical use
Ascorbic acid injection (Ascor) is labeled for treatment of scurvy for up to 1 week, in patients aged 5 months and older, when oral treatment is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated. It is not indicated for low vitamin C without signs of scurvy. The adult dose is 200 mg once daily; children receive 50–100 mg depending on age, and doses in pregnancy, lactation and G6PD deficiency should not exceed the RDA. Each 50 mL vial contains 25,000 mg, and the label warns not to give a whole vial to one patient. Its most common side effects are pain and swelling at the infusion site (Ascor label).
What the research shows
Common cold
The main evidence is a 2013 Cochrane review of placebo-controlled trials using at least 200 mg/day; our PubMed search found no newer version (Hemilä & Chalker, Cochrane 2013).
| Question | Who | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Fewer colds with regular use? | General community, 10,708 participants | RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–1.00) |
| Fewer colds with regular use? | Marathon runners, skiers and soldiers on subarctic exercises, 598 participants in 5 trials | RR 0.48 (95% CI 0.35–0.64) |
| Shorter colds with regular use? | Adults | 8% shorter (95% CI 3%–12%) |
| Shorter colds with regular use? | Children | 14% shorter (95% CI 7%–21%) |
| Help when started after symptoms begin? | 7 comparisons, 3,249 episodes | No consistent effect on duration or severity |
The authors concluded that routine supplementation is not justified for the general population, though it may help people exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise. That subgroup is small and specialized, so its result cannot be assumed to apply to ordinary gym training.
A 2023 meta-analysis by the same authors covered 15 comparisons from 10 randomized, double-blind trials using at least 1 g/day. Vitamin C reduced cold severity by 15% (95% CI 9%–21%) (Hemilä & Chalker, BMC Public Health 2023).
Antioxidant doses and training adaptations
Exercise produces reactive oxygen species, which may act as signals for adaptation, so trials have asked whether high-dose antioxidants blunt training gains. Only the first trial below tested vitamin C alone. The others combined it with vitamin E and cannot separate the two; the vitamin E page covers them further.
| Study | Who | Daily dose | Training | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gomez-Cabrera et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2008 | 14 men (5 on vitamin C) | Vitamin C 1 g | 8 weeks | Endurance capacity hampered (P = 0.014); mitochondrial signals reduced |
| Paulsen et al., J Physiol 2014 (endurance) | 54 young men and women | Vitamin C 1,000 mg, vitamin E 235 mg | 11 weeks, endurance | VO2max rose 8% in both groups; mitochondrial marker COX4 rose 59% on placebo but not on vitamins (P ≤ 0.03) |
| Paulsen et al., J Physiol 2014 (strength) | 32 strength-trained men and women | Vitamin C 1,000 mg, vitamin E 235 mg | 10 weeks, heavy resistance | Muscle growth and acute protein synthesis unaffected; biceps curl strength gains and signaling blunted |
| Bjørnsen et al., Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016 | 34 men aged 60–81 | Vitamin C 500 mg, vitamin E 117.5 mg, before and after training | 12 weeks, strength | Lean mass +1.4% vs +3.9% on placebo (P = 0.04); 1RM improved 15%–21% with no group difference |
A meta-analysis of 9 aerobic and 9 resistance-training trials of vitamin C and/or E found no significant loss of adaptation. Standardized mean differences (SMDs, effects in standard deviation units) were −0.14 for VO2max (95% CI −0.43 to 0.15), −0.01 for endurance performance (95% CI −0.38 to 0.36) and −0.07 for lean mass (95% CI −0.36 to 0.23). Strength also did not differ (P = 0.35); the interval printed in the abstract does not contain its point estimate, so we do not repeat it (Clifford et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020).
Together, these results show that high doses can reduce some cellular signals, while pooled performance and muscle outcomes usually did not differ clearly. The authors said larger trials are still needed. None of this evidence shows that high doses improve training adaptation.
Muscle soreness and recovery
A 2017 Cochrane review pooled 50 placebo-controlled trials with 1,089 participants (88.2% male), covering antioxidant supplements and enriched foods in general, not vitamin C alone. All used more than the recommended daily amount, and 47 trials had a high risk of bias. On a 0–10 cm scale, soreness differed by −0.52 cm at up to 6 hours (95% CI −0.95 to −0.08), −0.41 cm at 48 hours (95% CI −0.69 to −0.12) and −0.03 cm at 96 hours (95% CI −0.43 to 0.37). Every interval was well below the 1.4 cm minimal important difference, so the review found no clinically relevant reduction. No trial measured subjective recovery (Ranchordas et al., Cochrane 2017).
A meta-analysis limited to vitamin C included 18 randomized trials with 313 healthy participants after a single exercise bout. Vitamin C lowered markers of lipid peroxidation in the hours after exercise and blunted the rise in interleukin-6. It had no effect on creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, cortisol, muscle soreness or strength (Righi et al., Eur J Nutr 2020).
Long-term disease prevention
In the Physicians’ Health Study II (500 mg/day, mean 8 years, in men) and the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study (500 mg/day, mean 9.4 years), vitamin C did not reduce cancer or major cardiovascular events. In the AREDS trial, a formula with 500 mg of vitamin C and other nutrients lowered progression to advanced macular degeneration by 28% in high-risk people, which does not isolate vitamin C (NIH ODS).
Side effects and risks
Stomach and bowel effects
The most common complaints at high oral doses are diarrhea, nausea and abdominal cramps, caused by the osmotic effect of unabsorbed vitamin C. They are generally not serious and resolve when intake is reduced (IOM 2000).
Kidney stones
Vitamin C is partly converted to oxalate, and most stones in the Swedish cohort below were assumed to be calcium oxalate. These results are observational and cannot prove cause.
| Study | Who | Exposure compared | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas et al., JAMA Intern Med 2013 | 23,355 Swedish men aged 45–79 at baseline; 436 first stones over 11 years | Vitamin C-only users vs nonusers of supplements | RR 1.92 (95% CI 1.33–2.77) |
| Same study | Same | 7 or more tablets per week vs nonusers | RR 2.23 (95% CI 1.28–3.88) |
| Same study | Same | Multivitamin use | RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.62–1.19) |
| Ferraro et al., Am J Kidney Dis 2016 | 40,536 US men | Total intake 1,000 mg/day or more vs under 90 mg/day | HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.15–1.79) |
| Same study | Same | Total intake 500–999 mg/day (median about 700) vs under 90 mg/day | HR 1.29 (95% CI 1.04–1.60) |
| Same study | Same | Supplements 1,000 mg/day or more vs no supplement use | HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.01–1.40) |
| Same study | 156,735 US women | Total or supplemental intake | No significant association |
| Same study | Men and women | Vitamin C from food alone | No association, though few people ate over 700 mg/day |
The estimates differ partly because the comparison groups differ: total and supplemental HRs in the Ferraro study use different reference groups, and the Swedish study compared men taking only vitamin C with men taking no supplements. Swedish tablets typically contained 1,000 mg, though the study could not confirm the exact dose. Its authors reported a rate difference of 147 per 100,000 for first stones and cautioned against applying the result to women or to vitamin C from food.
The ODS calls the overall link unclear and says the best evidence involves people with existing hyperoxaluria (high urinary oxalate); it does not cite these two analyses (NIH ODS). The Ferraro association appeared at total intakes well below the 2,000 mg/day UL, which was set for diarrhea rather than stones.
Iron absorption and iron overload
Vitamin C strongly raises nonheme iron absorption in single-meal studies, but the effect shrinks in a whole diet. In 12 people eating a complete diet with mean vitamin C intakes from 51 to 247 mg/day, mean iron absorption did not differ significantly across diet periods (Cook & Reddy, Am J Clin Nutr 2001).
A 2024 meta-analysis of 10 randomized trials and 1 cohort study in iron deficiency anemia found that adding vitamin C to oral iron raised hemoglobin by only 0.14 g/dL (95% CI 0.08–0.20) and ferritin by 3.23 µg/L (95% CI 1.63–4.84). The authors called the hemoglobin change likely clinically insignificant and did not support routine use (Deng et al., Blood Vessel Thromb Hemost 2024).
Excess iron from high intake does not appear to be a concern in healthy people, but in hereditary hemochromatosis, chronic high doses could worsen iron overload (NIH ODS). See iron for more.
Interference with glucose meters and lab tests
Vitamin C is a strong reducing agent, so it can disturb tests based on oxidation-reduction reactions. The Ascor label lists blood and urine glucose, nitrite, bilirubin and leukocyte tests, describes possible false negatives, and says such tests should if possible wait until 24 hours after an infusion (Ascor label).
The direction of the error depends on the device. When 10 glucose meters were tested, some gave falsely high or falsely low readings in samples containing ascorbic acid, and 3 showed error messages instead. The authors warned that falsely high readings could lead to excess insulin (Sai et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol 2019). The label concerns infusions and this study tested prepared samples, so neither establishes how much a usual oral dose affects readings.
Risks with IV use
The label warns of acute and chronic oxalate nephropathy (kidney damage from oxalate crystals) with prolonged high doses. Risk may be higher with renal impairment, a history of oxalate stones, older age, or age under 2 years. People with G6PD deficiency, an inherited enzyme disorder, are at risk of severe hemolysis (red blood cell destruction) (Ascor label).
Drug interactions
- Antibiotics. The label says ascorbic acid may reduce the activity of erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, doxycycline and lincomycin.
- Urine-pH-sensitive drugs. The label says it may acidify urine and lower amphetamine and fluphenazine levels.
- Warfarin. Limited case reports suggested interference, but no effect was seen at up to 1,000 mg/day for 2 weeks; the label advises standard monitoring.
- Cancer treatment. Whether antioxidants interfere with chemotherapy or radiation remains controversial (NIH ODS).
IV vitamin C outside the label
High-dose infusions go far beyond the labeled 200 mg dose and have been studied mainly in critical illness and cancer.
- Sepsis trial. LOVIT randomized 872 ICU adults with sepsis on vasopressors to 50 mg/kg every 6 hours for up to 96 hours or placebo. Death or persistent organ dysfunction at 28 days was higher with vitamin C: 44.5% vs 38.5% (RR 1.21; 95% CI 1.04–1.40). Death alone was 35.4% vs 31.6% (RR 1.17; 95% CI 0.98–1.40), not statistically significant (Lamontagne et al., N Engl J Med 2022).
- Sepsis guideline. An international panel found IV vitamin C probably has no substantial effect on 90-day mortality (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.94–1.17; 6 trials, n = 2,148) and issued a conditional recommendation against it (Reintam Blaser et al., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2023).
- Cancer. In a randomized trial with 36 participants with metastatic pancreatic cancer, adding 75 g IV three times weekly to gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel was associated with median survival of 16 vs 8.3 months (HR 0.46; 90% CI 0.23–0.92), without added toxicity (Bodeker et al., Redox Biol 2024). This small trial needs replication.
Our PubMed searches found no randomized trial showing that IV vitamin C improves recovery, muscle growth or performance in healthy people.
Legal status and use in sport
In the US, oral vitamin C is sold as a dietary supplement, and ascorbic acid injection is a prescription drug. Vitamin C is not named on the WADA 2026 Prohibited List. Section M2.2 prohibits IV infusions or injections of more than 100 mL per 12-hour period, except those legitimately received during hospital treatment, surgery or clinical diagnostic investigations.
Vitamin C is often combined with vitamin E, selenium and zinc in antioxidant and immune products; those pages cover each nutrient’s own evidence.
Key takeaways
- Essential, but saturable. Adults need 75–90 mg/day in the US. Absorption falls below 50% above 1 g/day, and excess is excreted.
- Scurvy is rare; low levels are less so. Signs can appear within a month on under about 10 mg/day, and about 7% of US adults have deficient blood levels.
- Colds: modest effect. Regular use did not prevent colds in the general population but shortened them by 8% in adults. Starting after symptoms showed no consistent effect.
- Training: no clear benefit. High doses, usually with vitamin E, blunted some cellular signals, though pooled performance and muscle outcomes showed no significant loss. Soreness reductions were too small to matter clinically.
- Kidney stones in men. Two large cohorts link high-dose supplements to more stones in men, but not in women or with vitamin C from food. The data are observational.
- IV is a different exposure. It reaches far higher blood levels, can disturb glucose readings, can harm kidneys and red blood cells in susceptible people, and raised death or organ dysfunction in the LOVIT sepsis trial.
Sources
- National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C: fact sheet for health professionals. Updated July 31, 2025. NIH ODS.
- Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000. National Academies Press.
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin C. EFSA J. 2013;11(11):3418. EFSA Journal.
- McGuff Pharmaceuticals. Ascor (ascorbic acid injection) prescribing information. Revised July 2022. DailyMed.
- Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(8):3704–3709. PubMed.
- Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(7):533–537. PubMed.
- Powers CD, Sternberg MR, Patel SB, et al. Vitamin C status of US adults assessed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey remained unchanged between 2003–2006 and 2017–2018. J Appl Lab Med. 2023;8(2):272–284. PubMed.
- Calder PC, Kreider RB, McKay DL. Enhanced vitamin C delivery: a systematic literature review assessing the efficacy and safety of alternative supplement forms in healthy adults. Nutrients. 2025;17(2):279. PubMed.
- Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1):CD000980. PubMed.
- Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C reduces the severity of common colds: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2468. PubMed.
- Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E, Romagnoli M, et al. Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):142–149. PubMed.
- Paulsen G, Cumming KT, Holden G, et al. Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Physiol. 2014;592(8):1887–1901. PubMed.
- Paulsen G, Hamarsland H, Cumming KT, et al. Vitamin C and E supplementation alters protein signalling after a strength training session, but not muscle growth during 10 weeks of training. J Physiol. 2014;592(24):5391–5408. PubMed.
- Bjørnsen T, Salvesen S, Berntsen S, et al. Vitamin C and E supplementation blunts increases in total lean body mass in elderly men after strength training. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(7):755–763. PubMed.
- Clifford T, Jeffries O, Stevenson EJ, Davies KAB. The effects of vitamin C and E on exercise-induced physiological adaptations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(21):3669–3679. PubMed.
- Ranchordas MK, Rogerson D, Soltani H, Costello JT. Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):CD009789. PubMed.
- Righi NC, Schuch FB, De Nardi AT, et al. Effects of vitamin C on oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle soreness, and strength following acute exercise: meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(7):2827–2839. PubMed.
- Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):386–388. PubMed.
- Ferraro PM, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, Taylor EN. Total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin C intake and risk of incident kidney stones. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(3):400–407. PubMed.
- Cook JD, Reddy MB. Effect of ascorbic acid intake on nonheme-iron absorption from a complete diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(1):93–98. PubMed.
- Deng J, Ramelli L, Li PY, et al. Efficacy of vitamin C with Fe supplementation in patients with iron deficiency anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Vessel Thromb Hemost. 2024;1(4):100023. PubMed.
- Sai S, Urata M, Ogawa I. Evaluation of linearity and interference effect on SMBG and POCT devices, showing drastic high values, low values, or error messages. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019;13(4):734–743. PubMed.
- Lamontagne F, Masse MH, Menard J, et al. Intravenous vitamin C in adults with sepsis in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(25):2387–2398. PubMed.
- Reintam Blaser A, Alhazzani W, Belley-Cote E, et al. Intravenous vitamin C therapy in adult patients with sepsis: a rapid practice guideline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2023;67(10):1423–1431. PubMed.
- Bodeker KL, Smith BJ, Berg DJ, et al. A randomized trial of pharmacological ascorbate, gemcitabine, and nab-paclitaxel for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Redox Biol. 2024;77:103375. PubMed.
- World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List. WADA 2026 Prohibited List.