Supplements

NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)

Updated · 31 sources · Editorial policy

NR (nicotinamide riboside) is a form of vitamin B3 that the body converts into NAD+, a coenzyme every cell needs for energy metabolism and DNA repair. It occurs in trace amounts in milk and is sold as a dietary supplement, mostly as a crystalline chloride salt under the brand name Niagen, with “NAD+ booster” and healthy-aging claims.

NR has been tested in many randomized human trials, and they consistently show that it raises NAD+ in blood, often by 50–150% or more. The most important fact is what those trials have not shown: controlled studies in obesity, insulin resistance, muscle and cognition have mostly found no clinical benefit. In October 2026 the largest NR trial to date, NOPARK, found that one year of NR did not slow early Parkinson disease, and patients on NR did slightly worse than those on placebo.

This page covers NR. The coenzyme itself and the closely related precursor have their own pages: NAD+ and NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide). This page summarizes what clinical trials, meta-analyses and food-safety regulators report. It is for education only and is not medical advice.

Property Detail
Class NAD+ precursor; nucleoside form of vitamin B3
Chemistry NR cation C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅⁺, 255.25 g/mol; sold as NR chloride, C₁₁H₁₅ClN₂O₅, 290.70 g/mol
Main product Niagen (NR chloride, ChromaDex)
Route Oral capsules and powders; also given IV in some wellness clinics
Doses in human trials 100–3,000 mg/day for 1 day to 52 weeks
Half-life ≈2.7 h for NR in whole blood (4 of 8 volunteers, 1,000 mg dose); blood NAD+ stays raised with twice-daily dosing
Key mechanism fact Phosphorylated inside cells by NR kinases to NMN, then converted to NAD+
US status Dietary supplement ingredient; GRAS notice for food use answered “no questions” by FDA in 2016
EU status EFSA (2019): safe as a novel food in supplements at up to 300 mg/day for healthy adults
WADA Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List

What it is

NR is a nucleoside: nicotinamide (one form of vitamin B3) attached to a ribose sugar, with no phosphate group (PubChem). NMN is the same molecule with a phosphate added. The nitrogen in the nicotinamide ring carries a positive charge, so commercial NR is made as a salt, almost always the chloride (PubChem).

For most of the 20th century, nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide were the only recognized vitamin B3 precursors of NAD+. In 2004, Bieganowski and Brenner showed that NR is a third route. They identified nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK) enzymes in yeast and humans that phosphorylate NR to NMN, and they detected NR as a nutrient in milk (Bieganowski & Brenner, Cell 2004). A later analysis found that cow milk contains about 12 µmol/L of NAD+ precursor vitamins, of which about 40% is NR and 60% nicotinamide (Trammell et al., J Nutr 2016).

The interest in NR rests on the idea that NAD+ falls with age and that topping it up may slow age-related decline. The NAD+ page covers the human data on NAD+ decline and the enzymes (sirtuins, PARPs, CD38) that consume it. Much of the early enthusiasm came from rodent studies; the human trials below test whether those results carry over.

Pharmacokinetics

NR is the precursor with the most human pharmacokinetic data. Key studies:

Study Design Main finding
Trammell et al., Nat Commun 2016 One healthy 52-year-old man, 1,000 mg/day for 7 days NAD+ in blood mononuclear cells peaked 2.7-fold above baseline 7.7–8.1 h after the first dose
Same paper Randomized crossover, 12 healthy adults, single doses of 100, 300 and 1,000 mg Dose-dependent rises in the blood NAD+ metabolome
Airhart et al., PLoS One 2017 Open-label, 8 healthy adults, titrated to 1,000 mg twice daily Average steady-state whole-blood NAD+ up 100%; NR half-life ≈2.7 h
Conze et al., Sci Rep 2019 Randomized, placebo-controlled, 140 overweight adults, 8 weeks Whole-blood NAD+ up 22%, 51% and 142% at 100, 300 and 1,000 mg/day, reached within 2 weeks and maintained

Some details worth noting:

  • Half-life. In the Airhart study, blood NR rose clearly after the dose in only 4 of the 8 volunteers, peaking at 3 hours. In those four, NR declined with a half-life of about 2.7 hours. NAD+ itself stayed raised across the 12-hour dosing interval, and the authors suggested once- or twice-daily dosing may be enough.
  • Where NR shows up. NR and its phosphorylated products were concentrated in blood cells rather than plasma, so most human studies measure whole blood or isolated blood cells (Airhart et al., 2017; Trammell et al., 2016).
  • A marker of uptake. A rise in nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), a molecule not expected on the NR pathway, turned out to be a sensitive marker that NR is being converted to NAD+ (Trammell et al., 2016).
  • Muscle. In older men, 1 g/day for 21 days raised NAD+-related metabolites in muscle, showing that oral NR reaches muscle (Elhassan et al., Cell Rep 2019). Muscle NAD+ itself did not rise in two other trials (Dollerup et al., J Physiol 2020; Stocks et al., J Physiol 2021).
  • Brain. In people with Parkinson disease, 1,000 mg/day for 30 days raised brain NAD+ measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, although the rise varied widely between patients (Brakedal et al., Cell Metab 2022).

Regulatory status

  • United States. NR chloride is sold as a dietary supplement and is the subject of two new dietary ingredient notifications (Conze et al., 2019). For conventional foods, ChromaDex filed GRAS notice GRN 635 for use in vitamin waters, protein shakes, nutrition bars and similar products at up to 0.0057% by weight. FDA closed it on August 3, 2016 with a “no questions” letter (FDA GRN 635).
  • European Union. EFSA concluded in 2019 that NR chloride is safe in food supplements at up to 300 mg/day for healthy adults, and at up to 230 mg/day for pregnant and lactating women. It also confirmed that NR is a bioavailable source of nicotinamide (EFSA, 2019). In 2021, EFSA declined to confirm safety for a proposed extension to meal replacements and drink mixes, mainly because infants could be exposed (EFSA, 2021).
  • Sport. Neither NR nor other NAD+ precursors are named on the WADA list. IV infusions of more than 100 mL per 12 hours are a prohibited method at all times, except those legitimately received during hospital treatment, surgery or clinical diagnostic investigations (WADA 2026 Prohibited List), which matters for clinic IV products (see below).

What the research shows

Raising NAD+

Almost every controlled trial has confirmed that oral NR raises blood NAD+:

Trial Population (n) Daily dose, duration Blood NAD+ change
Martens et al., Nat Commun 2018 Healthy adults 55–79 (30 enrolled, 24 completed) 500 mg twice daily, 6 weeks (crossover) ≈60% higher in blood mononuclear cells vs placebo
Conze et al., 2019 Overweight adults (140) 100, 300 or 1,000 mg, 8 weeks +22%, +51%, +142%
Wang et al., JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022 Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (30) 1,000 mg twice daily About doubled
Orr et al., GeroScience 2024 Mild cognitive impairment (20) Up to 1 g, 10 weeks 2.6-fold
Norheim et al., Nat Aging 2024 COPD (40) 1 g twice daily, 6 weeks More than 2-fold
Berven et al., Nat Commun 2023 Parkinson disease (20) 1,500 mg twice daily, 4 weeks Up to 5-fold

Raising a blood marker is not the same as improving health. The sections below describe what happened to clinical outcomes.

Metabolic health and body composition

Despite strong results in obese and diabetic mice, human metabolic trials have been largely negative:

  • Insulin resistance. In 40 obese, insulin-resistant men aged 40–70, 1,000 mg twice daily for 12 weeks did not improve insulin sensitivity measured by the gold-standard clamp method. It also had no effect on glucose production, resting energy expenditure, fat burning or body composition (Dollerup et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2018). Muscle biopsies from the same trial showed no change in mitochondrial respiration, content or structure (Dollerup et al., J Physiol 2020).
  • Overweight adults. A 6-week crossover trial of 1,000 mg/day in 13 overweight or obese adults found no effect on insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, liver fat, heart energy status, blood pressure or inflammation markers. Fat-free mass was slightly higher on NR (62.65% vs 61.32% of body mass) (Remie et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2020).
  • Twin study. In 20 pairs of identical twins who differed in body weight, 250–1,000 mg/day for 5 months increased muscle mitochondrial number and altered gut bacteria, but did not reduce body fat or improve metabolic health (Lapatto et al., Sci Adv 2023).
  • Blood lipids. A 2022 meta-analysis of 40 studies of NAD+ precursors found that niacin (nicotinic acid) drove the lipid improvements. NR and nicotinamide had no significant effect on blood lipids, though the authors noted few NR studies were available (Zhong et al., Nutr Metab 2022).

Muscle, exercise and aging

  • Older men. In 12 aged men, 1 g/day for 21 days raised muscle NAD+ metabolites and lowered several circulating inflammatory cytokines, but did not change mitochondrial bioenergetics (Elhassan et al., 2019).
  • Endurance exercise. In 8 young men, 1,000 mg/day for 7 days did not change fuel use at rest or during exercise, muscle mitochondrial respiration or exercise-related signaling (Stocks et al., J Physiol 2021).
  • Meta-analysis. A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials in adults over 60 concluded that current evidence does not support NR or NMN for preserving muscle mass and function. NR was linked with longer walking distance in peripheral artery disease, but with lower physical performance scores in mild cognitive impairment (Prokopidis et al., J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2025).

There is no human evidence that NR builds muscle or strength in healthy, trained people.

Cardiovascular and vascular outcomes

  • Blood pressure. In the Martens crossover trial, NR lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.9 mmHg and diastolic by 2.0 mmHg on average, but neither change was significant after correction for multiple comparisons. In an exploratory subgroup with elevated baseline blood pressure (n = 13), systolic pressure was 9 mmHg lower on NR (Martens et al., 2018).
  • Peripheral artery disease. The NICE trial randomized 90 people with peripheral artery disease to 1,000 mg/day NR, NR plus 125 mg/day resveratrol, or placebo for 6 months. The 6-minute walk distance changed by +7.0 m with NR vs −10.6 m with placebo, a between-group difference of 17.6 m (one-sided 90% CI from +1.8 m). Resveratrol added no benefit. The authors called for a larger confirmatory trial (McDermott et al., Nat Commun 2024).
  • Heart failure. In 30 patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, 1,000 mg twice daily appeared safe and well tolerated. The trial was designed for safety, not to test clinical benefit (Wang et al., 2022).
  • Werner syndrome. In a small crossover trial in this rare inherited premature-aging disease, 1,000 mg/day for 26 weeks improved an index of arterial stiffness and reduced skin-ulcer area, with no serious adverse events (Shoji et al., Aging Cell 2025).

Parkinson disease

Parkinson disease has the most complete NR trial program, and it ended with a negative result:

Trial Design Dose and duration Result
NADPARK, 2022 Phase 1, randomized, 30 newly diagnosed untreated patients 1,000 mg/day, 30 days Well tolerated; brain NAD+ rose in some patients; mild clinical improvement in those with a brain NAD+ rise
NR-SAFE, 2023 Phase 1, randomized, 20 patients 1,500 mg twice daily (3,000 mg/day), 4 weeks No moderate or severe adverse events; symptom score changes were confounded by timing of the last levodopa dose
NOPARK, 2026 Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, 11 centers in Norway, 410 randomized (393 analyzed) 500 mg twice daily, 52 weeks Worse than placebo on the primary outcome

In NOPARK, the total MDS-UPDRS score (a 0–236 scale of Parkinson symptoms, higher is worse) rose by 2.45 points on NR and fell by 0.27 points on placebo. The adjusted difference was 2.72 points in favor of placebo (95% CI 0.47–4.98; P = .02). Non-motor symptom burden also worsened more with NR (difference 4.22 points on a 0–360 scale; 95% CI 1.07–7.37). Four of 5 key secondary outcomes, including dopamine-transporter brain imaging, showed no difference. The authors concluded that the results do not support NR as a disease-modifying treatment for Parkinson disease (Brakedal et al., JAMA 2026). Two senior authors hold patents on NR for Parkinson disease, licensed to Niagen Bioscience.

Cognition and long COVID

  • Mild cognitive impairment. A 10-week pilot trial in 20 older adults found NR well tolerated, with no change in cognitive test scores (Orr et al., 2024).
  • Long COVID. In 58 adults randomized to 2,000 mg/day NR for 20 weeks, or placebo for 10 weeks followed by NR, blood NAD+ rose 2.6- to 3.1-fold on NR. There were no significant differences vs placebo in cognition, fatigue, sleep, anxiety or depression (Wu et al., EClinicalMedicine 2025). The trial was partly funded by Niagen Bioscience.

Inflammation

Several trials report lower inflammatory markers. In 40 people with COPD, 1 g twice daily for 6 weeks cut sputum interleukin-8 (an inflammatory signal in the airways) by 52.6% vs placebo (95% CI −75.7% to −7.6%), an effect still present 12 weeks after stopping. Plasma IL-6 did not change (Norheim et al., 2024). Lower cytokines were also reported in aged men and in Parkinson disease (Elhassan et al., 2019; Brakedal et al., 2022). These are biomarker findings; none of these trials showed fewer flare-ups, hospital stays or other hard outcomes.

IV nicotinamide riboside

Some wellness clinics now offer NR by IV infusion as an alternative to IV NAD+. A retrospective chart review compared four daily 500 mg infusions of each. People receiving NR reported only minor tingling and mild cramping during infusion, and infusions averaged 37 minutes vs 97 minutes for NAD+ (Reyna et al., Front Aging 2026). The study had no untreated control group and measured no clinical benefit. See the NAD+ page for more on clinic infusions.

Side effects and risks

Tolerability in trials

Oral NR has been well tolerated in trials of up to 2,000 mg/day for 12 weeks (Dollerup et al., 2018), 3,000 mg/day for 4 weeks (Berven et al., 2023) and 1,000 mg/day for 52 weeks (Brakedal et al., 2026). Reported findings:

  • In the Martens trial, 7 of 30 participants reported 14 mild adverse events in total. Those during NR included nausea, flushing, leg cramps and increased bruising; no one dropped out while taking NR (Martens et al., 2018).
  • In the 140-person dose-ranging trial there were no reports of flushing and no differences in adverse events between NR and placebo (Conze et al., 2019). In the single-dose crossover study, two people reported flushing at 300 mg and two reported feeling hot at 1,000 mg (Trammell et al., 2016). For comparison, the authors cite an earlier study in which 500 mg of niacin caused flushing in 33 of 33 people.
  • In NOPARK, serious adverse events occurred in 8.3% of NR recipients vs 14.1% on placebo (Brakedal et al., 2026).

Homocysteine and methylation

Nicotinamide released from NAD+ is cleared partly by methylation, a reaction that produces homocysteine as a by-product (Conze et al., 2019). In the 8-week dose-ranging trial, NR did not raise LDL cholesterol or disturb one-carbon (methyl-group) metabolism (Conze et al., 2019). At 3,000 mg/day, serum homocysteine rose slightly at first, but the methyl donor pool stayed intact (Berven et al., 2023).

Worse outcomes in Parkinson disease

NOPARK is the only large, long trial of NR with a clinical primary outcome, and NR performed worse than placebo on both motor and non-motor symptom scores (Brakedal et al., 2026). The differences were small, and the trial does not show why. It does show that raising NAD+ for a year is not automatically harmless or helpful in a disease that early studies had marked as promising.

Animal and laboratory findings

  • Toxicology in rats. In 90-day studies, NR had a toxicity profile similar to an equivalent dose of nicotinamide at the highest dose. Target organs were liver, kidney, ovaries and testes. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was 300 mg/kg/day and the lowest level with adverse effects was 1,000 mg/kg/day. NR was not genotoxic (Conze et al., Hum Exp Toxicol 2016).
  • Cancer in a mouse model. In a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer, NR supplementation increased cancer prevalence and spread to the brain (Maric et al., Biosens Bioelectron 2023). This is an animal result and has not been tested in people, but it is one reason researchers call for caution in people with cancer.
  • High intakes. EFSA noted experimental data pointing to several ways that nicotinamide or its precursors, at intakes well above physiological needs, might cause adverse effects, and said the upper limit for nicotinamide may need re-evaluation (EFSA, 2021).

Pregnancy and children

EFSA judged the safety margin from a rat developmental toxicity study insufficient for pregnant and lactating women at 300 mg/day, and set 230 mg/day as safe for them (EFSA, 2019). It could not establish safety for products that infants might consume (EFSA, 2021). Most human trials excluded pregnant women and children.

Industry involvement

Many NR trials were funded by ChromaDex, used study product it supplied, or have authors with financial ties to it. For example, ChromaDex sponsored the first human pharmacokinetic trial and funded the 140-person dose-ranging trial (Trammell et al., 2016; Conze et al., 2019). Readers should check the disclosures in each paper.

Key takeaways

  • A vitamin B3 form that reliably raises NAD+. Oral NR raises blood NAD+ in a dose-dependent way, from about 22% at 100 mg/day to about 142% at 1,000 mg/day in one 8-week trial.
  • Biomarkers, not outcomes. Trials in obesity, insulin resistance, muscle, exercise, cognition and long COVID have mostly found no clinical benefit, and a 2025 meta-analysis found no support for preserving muscle in older adults.
  • The largest trial was negative. In NOPARK (410 patients, 52 weeks), NR did not slow early Parkinson disease and scored slightly worse than placebo.
  • Some promising leads remain. Walking distance in peripheral artery disease and airway inflammation in COPD improved in single trials that still need confirmation.
  • Generally well tolerated. Doses up to 2,000 mg/day for 12 weeks and 3,000 mg/day for 4 weeks caused few side effects, and flushing is uncommon; long-term and pregnancy safety data are limited.
  • Regulated as a food and supplement. FDA raised no questions on its GRAS notice, the EU allows up to 300 mg/day in adult supplements, and WADA does not list it.

Sources

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